2010年2月21日星期日

如何彻底克服害羞


我曾经是个很害羞的人。每当我独处在人群中,我会感到压力,而且通常我会变得非常沉默。跟小组里面的两三个人交流对我来说是件很难的事。但是,我最终克服了令人痛苦的害羞――也许并不完全是这样,但我在回顾过去十年,能感到我所做的事情使我改变了很多。

说实话,我现在都有点记不起来原来的害羞情结了。社交恐惧再也不是我要对付的一件麻烦事了。但是,在很长一段岁月里它都是我生活中不可磨灭的一部分,所以现在的我是能够体会那些害羞的人的感觉。

我不知道为什么我会变得不再害羞。我想这可能与我一直以来尝试让自己跳出自欺欺人的境地有关。我当然不是一个外向的人――我也从不这样想;我想人的性格都有一个瓶颈,我们要突破自己,只有突破自己我们才会成长。现在,我可以和其他人很容易的相处,而且永远不会再感到焦虑。这里有一些可以帮你克服害羞的方法。
1.利用神奇的潜意识

你所想的最终会变成现实,所以,你应该在潜意识里树立正确的信仰。这是你所能做的最重要的事情。尝试重复大声的说:"每天我都会变得更加更加自信。"在洗澡时,在工作时,在超市,在任何地方任何时间!你也可以使用视觉化的方法――想象自己在社交场合变得自信,感到自己非常棒。或者尝试自我催眠――这是我最喜欢的让新的理念植入思想的方法。
2.让你周围充满支持你的人

周围充满那些与你一样害羞的人,只会帮你辨明你的害羞。但是如果你和一些可以改变你,推动你克服害羞习惯的人在一起,而且他们不会直接批评你,这样你会得到更多的帮助。也许这样的朋友不容易找到――如果你的朋友可以平衡支持与批评,那么你应该与他多多交往。
3.扩大你的接触范围

你每到一个地方都会不可避免的要接触新的东西。如果你不会游泳,你可能被淹到,那的确很令人恐怖。可是当你深深的吸一口气跳进水里,你就尝试了新东西,也许这有一点让人畏惧,但是可以让你成长。所以,如果你想克服害羞,你必须走出去,身处社交世界里,那个让你感到不自在的地方。关键是――不断的挑战自己,你不能让害怕阻碍自己前进。
4.一次走一步

延伸游泳这个例子,机会就像游泳一样,你不跳进去,永远得不到。如果你属于那种极度害羞的人,那么站在1000人面前讲话并不是明智的行为。先尝试5个人,当你能够轻松应付的时候,再增至10个人。然后试试20个人,以此类推增加~ 有种叫做"洪水治疗"的方法,就是突然让你暴露在大量的你害怕的东西面前,然后得到治愈――这点我表示怀疑。也许它在某种情况下有效,但如果没有善加利用,造成的伤害会比帮助更多。所以,一切都要循序渐进。
5.不要把事情想的太过严重

害羞的人通常会把事情想得很严重。如果你犯了一个错误,如果你的声音颤抖,如果你忘了台词,如果没有一个人为你讲的笑话而发笑……那又怎么样?会杀了你么?我不这样认为,把眼光放长远吧。
6.害羞是种骄傲

一位我很敬佩的人曾经告诉我害羞是种骄傲。他的意思是害羞的人总是花太多的精力去关注他们自己,他们在别人眼中如何,想要把事情做得很完美。这里有个很明智的建议――多想想他人,少关注自己。事实上,其他人也在关心自己,没有人会真正关注你。所以,停止以自我为中心吧。
7.停止想象,立即行动

一味的想象是不可能克服害羞的。如果你只是想着如何克服害羞,你最终得到一个结论――那就是没有任何改变。但是,当你真正进入到社交场合,你会发现这里是另一番天地。克服任何恐惧症不是一个"大脑"的活动――这些东西天生是不合情理的。解决的办法只有一个,那就是行动。所以,行动――做你感到害怕的事情,停止一味的想象。

8.锻炼自我单独外出

试独自外出。害羞的人不仅会和别人在一起感到不舒服,还会和他们自己有同样的感受。所以,出去吧――自己独自吃晚餐,独自看电影。据我观察,最有自信的人喜欢独自出入公共场合。
9.阅读好书(博客)

读书可以帮你克服害羞。读一些关于增加自信克服害羞的书,这会鼓励你让你更加自信。

克服害羞虽然需要一定时间,但是你可以做到。它需要你的社交技巧,正确的态度,良好的精神状态。变得自信与外向会使你的生活比现在1000倍的好,现在就去行动吧,不要拖延!

为什么Android不是GPL许可证?


Why Google chose the Apache Software License over GPLv2 for Android

为什么Android不是GPL许可证?

作者:Ryan Paul

译者:阮一峰

发表日期:2007年11月6日

原文网址:http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/11/why-google-chose-the-apache-software-license-over-gplv2.ars


Google finally entered the mobile software market by turning the 2005 acquisition of Android into the Open Handset Alliance.

Google终于进入了手机市场。2005年,它收购了Android。在此基础上,现在,它组建了"开放手机联盟"(Open Handset Alliance)。

Google hopes to promote third-party mobile software development and foster a broad developer community on top of Android's Linux-based mobile platform.

Android是一种Linux内核的手机操作系统。Google希望,这会吸引来第三方软件开发者,建立起一个大规模的开发者社区。

In the wake of Google's announcement, one topic that has been discussed by some members of the open-source software community is the significance of Google's licensing choice.

但是,此事公布后不久,开源软件社区就议论纷纷,大家在讨论Google为Android选择的许可证。

Although the underlying Linux kernel is licensed under version 2 of the Free Software Foundation's General Public License (GPLv2), much of the user-space software infrastructure that will make up the Open Handset Alliance's platform will be distributed under version 2 of the Apache Software License (ASL).

Linux内核的许可证,是自由软件基金会的GPL许可证第二版。但是,"开放手机联盟"的主要代码,却是Apache许可证(ASL)第二版。

This raises certain questions about Google's goals in the mobile space and the nature of the third-party application ecosystem that will emerge around the platform.

这使得有人怀疑Google的动机。它的目标到底是什么?Android平台上,到底会有怎样的第三方软件?

ASL, which is widely used in the open-source software community and has been approved by the Open Source Initiative, is a permissive license that is conducive to commercial development and proprietary redistribution. Code that is distributed under the ASL and other permissive licenses can be integrated into closed-source proprietary products and redistributed under a broad variety of other terms.

ASL许可证被开源软件广泛使用,并且得到了"开放源码促进会"(Open Source Initiative)的认可。它是一种不设限的许可证(permissive license),允许软件的商业性开发和垄断式发布。以ASL发布的代码,可以被合并入闭源的专有软件(proprietary product),并且在各种各样的限制性条件下发布。

Unlike permissive open-source licenses, "copyleft" licenses (such as the GPL) generally impose restrictions on redistribution of code in order to ensure that modifications and derivatives are kept open and distributed under similar terms.

与ASL不同,GPL则是一种Copyleft许可证。它对代码的发布做出了限制,规定所有对源码的修改和衍生,都必须公开,并且以相似的许可证发布。

Permissive licenses like the ASL and BSD license are preferred by many companies because such licenses make it possible to use open-source software code without having to turn proprietary enhancements back over to the open source software community. These licenses encourage commercial adoption of open-source software because they make it possible for companies to profit from investing in enhancements made to existing open-source software solutions. That potential for proprietary investment on top of an open stack is most likely what inspired Google to adopt the Apache Software License for its mobile platform. Availability of Android under the ASL will ensure that a broader number of companies will be able to adopt the platform and build on top of it without having to expose the inner workings of proprietary technologies that give them a competitive advantage.

许多软件公司更愿意采用不设限的许可证(比如ASL和BSD),因为这使得它们既可以使用开源软件,又不用向开源社区公开对软件所做的修改。所以,ASL和BSD鼓励了开源软件的商业性使用,使得软件公司愿意对开源软件投资,因为这些公司可以从中获利。这种在开源基础上吸引商业投资的潜力,很可能是Google为自己的手机平台选择ASL许可证的最大原因。将Android置于ASL之下,可以确保许多商业性公司会接受这个平台,并且在它上面使用自己的专有技术。

Although using a permissive license like ASL is the best way to build support for the Android platform, critics argue that Google has sacrificed an opportunity to encourage greater openness in the broader mobile software space. If Android was distributed under the GPLv2, companies building on top of the platform would have to share their enhancements, which could theoretically lead to widespread sharing of code and a more rapid acceleration of mobile software development.

虽然ASL确实是保证Android获得支持的最好方法,但是批评者认为,Google这样做的代价,是丧失了创造一个更开放的手机软件平台的机会。如果Android的许可证是GPLv2,那么在它上面做开发的那些公司,将不得不公开对系统所做的改进,理论上就会导致代码被更广泛地分享,因而手机软件的开发也会更快速地进步。

The counterargument is that distributing Android under a copyleft license could potentially limit the evolution of the mobile software ecosystem by discouraging commercial development on top of the platform. Proprietary mobile software development companies that integrate Android into their technologies would have to dramatically change their business models if they aren't given the ability to keep their enhancements proprietary.

另一些人不同意这种看法。他们认为如果Android选择copyleft许可证,会使商业性公司不愿意介入开发,从而使系统本身的发展困难重重。如果那些公司没有办法保护自己的专有技术不公开,那么即使它们愿意采用Android平台,也必须急剧地改变经营模式,而这是有风险的。

It is important to note that the ASL is only being applied to the assortment of user-space platform components that make up Android. The kernel itself is still licensed under the GPLv2, and third-party software that runs on top of the platform can be distributed under pretty much any license, including commercial and copyleft licenses.

有一点是不能忽视的,那就是只有Android的userspace部分是ASL许可证。系统的内核依然是GPLv2许可证。而运行在系统上方的第三方软件,可以用任何许可证发布,包括商业性许可证和copyleft许可证。

It is also important to note that, although the ASL was not compatible with previous versions of the GPL, it is entirely compatible with the GPLv3. This means that code distributed under the ASL can be incorporated into GPLv3 software. As a result, developers can choose to distribute Android derivatives under the GPLv3 in order to ensure that further development on top of their own enhancements remains open.

还有一点也很重要,那就是虽然ASL与GPLv2不兼容,但是它与GPLv3完全兼容。这意味着,在ASL下发布的代码,可以被用于GPLv3许可证的软件。因此,程序员可以选择将Android程序在GPLv3下发布,这样就能保证他们作品的进一步开发,将始终是开源的。

Ultimately, the decision to use the ASL is sensible. Although it would be beneficial to all if Google were to use Android licensing to further open the market, that likely would have stifled adoption of the platform by handset makers.

最终来说,Google选择ASL是情有可原的。虽然Android如果在GPL许可下发布,会使所有人得利,但那样也会阻碍这个系统被手机厂商采用。

When it comes right down to it, the handset makers are the developers who are most significantly affected by the Android license, since they are the primary distributors of mobile phone platforms. The ASL will allow individual handset makers to develop proprietary customizations for the platform as needed to accommodate the unique technologies in their individual products.

如果单就手机厂商而言,他们才是受Android许可证影响最大的开发者,因为他们是手机平台主要的发布渠道。ASL允许手机厂商对平台进行改造,使得Android变得好像他们的独家产品一样。

Third-party software developers who are building applications on top of Android will largely be unaffected by Google's licensing decision since the individual applications can be distributed under their own licenses.

而第三方的软件开发者,总体上不受Google许可证选择的影响,因为他们可以为自己的软件选择任何的许可证。

Another point worth noting is that Linux-based mobile platforms created by other mobile technology coalitions like the LiMo Foundation also facilitate mixing proprietary and open software.

还有一个值得注意的地方是,其他Linux核心的手机平台,比如LiMo,也是闭源软件和开源软件的混合。

As more details emerge and more source code becomes available, it's likely that third-party developers and handset makers will eagerly flock to Android in order to benefit from the ecosystem that Google is creating.

随着更多的细节和更多的源码被公布,手机厂商和第三方开发者,很可能会热切地投入Android的怀抱,享受Google创造的这个平台。